The reconstruction of the human

Abstract

The article examines the anthropological question in José Ortega y Gasset’s philosophy by considering human life as radical reality. Human beings are neither fixed substances nor entities reducible to the body, soul, or consciousness: they are formed through their relationship with the world, their circumstances, and other people. This conception provides an alternative to realism, naturalism, and idealism. The study explores vital totality, vocation, perspectivism, historicity, and the reactive spontaneity of Ortega’s thought. It also discusses his relationship with evolutionism, phenomenology, and the philosophies of Thomas Aquinas, Descartes, Kant, Bergson, and Heidegger. Finally, it presents the «tectonics of life» as a structure integrating body and spirit, individuality and circumstance. Life thus appears as activity, becoming, freedom, and the permanent construction of the human.